UNIT I
ABOUT MYSELF
LESSON 1
Task 1. Answer the questions.
1) What is your name? ( My name is … My surname is …) 2) Where are you from? ( I am from …) 3) How old are you? ( I am …) 4) What do you do?
5) Is your family large or small? ( My family is …) 6) What is your hobby?
7) What are you good at?
Task 2. Memorize the following words and phrases.
1. Hello! Hi! – Привет!
2. How do you do? – Здравствуйте.
3. Let me introduce myself. – Позвольте мне представиться.
4. Meet my friend (my sister …). – Познакомьтесь с моим другом (сестрой).
5. Glad (pleased) to meet you. – Приятно с Вами познакомиться.
6. I remember we have met before. – Я помню, мы встречались раньше.
7. Please, call me by my first name. – Пожалуйста, называйте меня по имени.
8. I’m afraid you’re mistaking me for someone else. – Боюсь, Вы меня с кем-то путаете.
9. How are you? – Как дела?
10. Fine, thanks. And you? – Хорошо, спасибо. А у Вас?
8. So, so. – Так себе.
9. See you soon. – Пока.
10. Here is my address and my telephone number, just in case. – Здесь мой адрес и номер моего телефона, на всякий случай.
11. patronymic [ pætrə΄nimik] – отчество
12. private [΄praivit] address [ə΄dres] – адрес
13. curriculum vitae [kə΄rikjuləm΄vi: tai] – сведения об учебе и трудовой деятельности
14. What languages [΄læŋgwiʤiz] do you speak? – На каких языках ты говоришь?
15. I speak English and a little French. – Я говорю по-английски и немного пофранцузски.
16. What do you like doing in your spare time? – Чем любите заниматься в свободное время?
17. I am fond of dancing (football, music, cooking, …). – Я увлекаюсь танцами (футболом, музыкой, люблю готовить, … ).
20. My hobby is reading. – Мое хобби – чтение.
21. I am good at sport. – Я успешно занимаюсь спортом.
Task 3. Respond to the following remarks.
1) – Let me introduce myself. My name is Oliver Brown.
– …
2) – Hello, Nick!
– …
3) – How are you?
– …
4) – What do you do?
– …
5) – What is your mother’s occupation?
– …
6) – Is your family large?
– …
7) – What is your hobby?
– …
8) – Meet my friend Peter.
– …
9) – How do you do.
– …
Task 4. Match the questions and answers.
Task 5. Use a dictionary to look up new words and complete the chart.
Strong and fit; trustworthy, persistent and hardworking; punctual and careful; wellmannered and tactful; lazy; bright and intelligent; absent-minded; shy; know how to deal with all sorts of people; a rude person; active and creative, can cook well.
There are 12 star signs, and people who belong to a definite sign have their own character, habits and manners.
Task 6. Examine the description and check your partner’s star sign. Do you think it’s true or untrue? Copy and complete the chart below.
Task 7. Complete the following after the model:
Model: Capricorns are economical because they always save their pocket money.
1. … are absent-minded because they …
2. … are active and ambicious because they …
3. … make friends easily because they …
4. … are honest and frank because they …
5. … are hard-working because they …
Task 8. Put the letters in the correct order to make the names of the following jobs and occupations: экономист, шофер, инженер, фермер, врач, строитель, учитель. What star signs are the best for them?
Ramfer, neigreen, dverir, cheater, rotcod, biudrle, meconotsi.
Task 9. Fill in the form:
Use the words to describe a person:
A girl (a woman): nice, pretty, long/short-haired, fair/dark-haired, blonde, blue/brown-eyed, slim, fat, long-legged, a pleasant smile, is wearing jeans, goodlooking, pleasant, kind, beautiful.
A man: young, handsome, strong, well-built, tall/short, dark/fair-haired, has brown eyes, a big (small, straight) nose, short-cut hair, curly hair.
We can communicate with other people in many different ways. We can talk and write, and we can send messages with our hands and faces. There is also the phone (including the mobile!), the fax and e-mail. Television, film, painting, and photography can also communicate ideas.
Developing good communication skills is an important part of living a fulfilled life (полноценная жизнь) because:
• The average worker spends 50 percent of his or her time communicating.
• Business success is 85 percent dependent on effective communication and interpersonal skills (способность строить отношения и взаимопонимание с людьми).
• Forty-five percent of time spent communicating is listening.
• Writing represents nine percent of communication time.
• One-fourth of all workplace mistakes are the result of poor communication.
No matter (независимо от) what your age, background, or experience, effective communication is a skill you can learn.
Obviously, it is impossible to tell someone how to have a conversation, but here are some things that help:
• Ask questions.
• Show that you are interested.
• Don’t just answer yes or no.
• Try to add a comment of your own.
• Don’t let the conversation stop.
Exercise. 1. Scan the text.
Exercise 2. Here is the plan. Is it true?
I Ways of communication
II Importance of communication
III Having a conversation
Exercise 3. Choose the best answer.
– Hello, what’s your name?
a) Mary. b) Mary. And what’s your name?
– What a lovely day, isn’t it?
a) Oh, yes. I like such weather. What kind of weather do you like? b) Hmm, I don’t know.
– Where are you from?
a) Moscow. b) I come from Moscow, one of the busiest cities of the world. And what about you?
– Are you having a good time?
a) Hmm, yes. b) Yes, I meet a lot of people and see wonderful places.
Exercise 4. Write your tips to improve conversations within other people.
Introduce yourself and your friend.
Открытый слог оканчивается на гласную или на согласную, за которой следует немая гласная «е». Как правило, в таком слоге гласная читается так же как в алфавите.
Exercise 1. Read the words correctly.
a) date, lake, safe, make, take, state, plane, wave, frame, plate, mis΄take.
b) me, he, we, be, she, eve, Pete, these, theme.
c) I, hi, mine, wife, time, de΄fine, wine, like, dis΄like, a΄live, in΄vite, five,
d) no, go, home, alone, close, slope, note, ago, rose, hope, wrote, spoke, zone, pole.
e) use, re΄fuse, mule, tune, tube, ΄human, ΄student, super, a΄cute, June.
f) my, sky, why, try, type, cycle, fly, rely, apply, supp΄ly, dry, dyne, style.
!!! Remember: have [hæv], give [giv], some [s٨m], come [k٨m], live [liv], do [du:], two [tu:].
При закрытом положении слог оканчивается на одну или более согласных ( кроме r) в односложных словах, или за ударной гласной следуют две или более согласных ( кроме r) в многосложных словах. Все гласные в таком положении читаются кратко.
!!! Remember: Буква o перед m, n, th, v передаёт звук [٨]. e. g. London, Monday, son, front, month, another, mother, love, brother.
Буква u в словах: pull, full, put, push читается как [u]
Exercise 2. Read the words correctly.
a) map, sat, sad, stand, lamp, happy, apple, cat, fat, plan, bag, land, as, man, battle.
b) desk, net, next, bed, fed, red, men, ten, left, melt, send, sent, smell, best, end.
c) tip, lip, miss, will, fit, this, slim, disk, differ, win, clip, since, resist, sit, pick.
d) crop, stop, fodder, cross, on, not, pot, lot, got, offer, spot, hot, lock, dog, fog, log.
e) up, plus, cut, sun, be΄gun, bus, must, butter, bulb, pulse, number, re΄sult, ΄hundred.
!!! f) have, love, come, some, glove, dove, mother, pull, push, full, put, monk.
Чтение гласных в сочетании с “r”
!!! Remember w+ar [o: ] war, ward
w+o [ə:] work, word, world.
В безударном положении на конце слов буквосочетания: or, er дают нейтральный звук: [ ə:] instructor, worker.
Exercise 3. Read the words correctly.
a) start, smart, car, far, dark, mark, lark, star, part, ΄party, park, farm, ΄farming.
b) for, sport, thorn, storm, or, born, corn, scorn, forth, fork, pork, North.
c) fur, curl, ΄murder, hurl, burn, ΄burning, burst, ab΄surd, oc΄cur, purpose.
d) first, sir, thirsty, dirt, ΄dirty, firm, skirt, shirt, ΄circle, ΄circus, fir, girl, ΄birthday.
e) her, ΄certain, ΄certainly, in΄sert, term, ΄terminal, re΄verse, Uni΄verse, in΄ternal,
f) director, factor, worker, computer, semester, manager, fertilizer, tutor,
Чтение согласной “c”
Exercise 4. Read the words correctly.
Circle, act, cube, chalk, case, cut, match, class, cattle, customer, cucumber, chalk, chemistry, center, century, bicycle, circumstances, machine.
В английском языке в повествовательном предложении существует фиксированный порядок слов: 1 место – подлежащее, 2 место – сказуемое, 3 место – дополнение, 4 место – обстоятельство. Обстоятельство может стоять также в начале предложения (0 место). Определение является единственным членом предложения, который не имеет фиксированного положения. Оно стоит с существительным, к которому относится.
M – modifier ( обстоятельство ); S – subject ( подлежащее) P – predicate ( сказуемое ); O – object ( дополнение ); A – attribute (определение)
Некоторые обстоятельства, выраженные наречиями неопределённого времени (always, also, probably, often, seldom, never, usually, rarely, sometimes, и др.) ставятся сразу перед сказуемым-глаголом. Если глагол to be входит в состав сказуемого, то такое обстоятельство стоит после него.
Eg. Tom to work by car. She asked at seminars.
Exercise 1. Make up sentences.
1) Football, every, play, I, day.
2) Pete, pop, and, music, likes, classical, very much.
3) Much, farmers, have, in, work, autumn, year, every.
4) Brother, a, bought, my, interesting, book, very, in, on, the bookshop, biology.
5) Is, he, late, always.
В английском языке существует четыре типа вопросов: общий, специальный, альтернативный и разделительный.
Общий вопрос (General question) это вопрос, относящийся ко всему предложению и требующий ответа yes/no. E.g. Do you know the Browns? – Yes, I do / No, I don’t.
Специальный вопрос (Special question) это вопрос к какому-либо члену предложения и требует конкретного ответа. Здесь участвует вопросительное слово. Существует два типа специальных вопросов:
– к группе подлежащего (здесь нет вспомогательного глагола. E.g. Who lives in London? )
– к любому другому члену предложения. E.g. Where is Mark?
Вопросительные слова: What? When? Who? Why? Where? How many ( much )? How? Whom? Which? Whose?
Альтернативный вопрос (Alternative question) это вопрос, в основе которого лежит выбор-альтернатива. Здесь участвует союз or. E.g. Do you study English or German?
Разделительный вопрос (Disjunctive question) это вопрос, состоящий из двух частей всегда противоположных друг другу (первая часть – утвердительное или отрицательное предложение, вторая ( Question tag) – переспрос, состоящий из вспомогательного глагола и личного местоимения, заменяющего подлежащее. Переспрос переводится: «не так ли?»). E.g. You don’t like winter, do you? He was there, wasn’t he?
Exercise 2. Put a question tag at the end of each sentence.
1) Ann’s on holiday, …
2) You weren’t listening, …
3) Sue doesn’t like onions, …
4) Jack applied for the job, …
5) He won’t mind if I come early, …
6) He had not seen her before, …
7) She is right, …
Порядок слов в вопросительном предложении
Порядок слов в вопросительном предложении определяется одной схемой, независимо от временной формы глагола-сказуемого.
Рассмотрим пример: We borrow books from the library.
Exercise 3. Put questions of different types to the sentences.
1) He is in the room. 2) We like holidays. 3) They are buying a new computer. 4) She has got three sisters in Moscow. 5) They are not ready today. 6) My flat is on the second floor. 7) Ann didn’t see my report. 8) We see many books on the shelves. 9) Every week Dan writes a letter.
В английском языке глаголы to be, to have, to do являются многофункциональными.
Следует помнить, что модальные конструкции: to be to, to have to имеют одинаковое значение должен, однако с разными оттенками долженствования. E.g. I am to go there. – Я обязан ( должен по плану, по договорённости) поехать туда. I have to go there. – Я вынужден поехать туда ( должен вместо Н., который заболел ).
1
Форма have без got и do сохраняется в устной и письменной формах официально-делового стиля. Например:
Have you an appointment?
Однако неосложненное have постепенно вытесняется формами с got и do.
Например:
Have you got the money? ( обладание)
Do you have the money?
I’ve got a new car.
She hasn’t got a car.
He has got a brother. ( родственные отношения)
have
I have ( got) a cold. – Я простудился.
He has an appointment. – У него назначена встреча.
He has a lesson. – У него занятие.
He has breakfast ( dinner, lunch, …) at 7. – Он завтракает в 7.
to have a swim ( a bath, a shave, a sleep, a day off, a nice evening, a walk, a shower, a rest, a dream, a holiday)
She has a baby. – У нее родился ребенок.
I’ve got an idea. – У меня есть идея.
Вопросы с этими сочетаниями бывают только с do, did.
Eg. Did you have a good holiday?
Exercise 1. Use: am, is, are.
1) He … a student. 2) You … French. 3) I … a teacher. 4) It … a car. 5) Nick … from Glasgow. 6) Ann … a doctor. 7) We … to go there. 8) He … sleeping now. 9) We … in Moscow now. 10) They … invited to the party. 11) Ann … to learn the poem.
Exercise 2. Use: have (got), has (got).
1) We … many relatives in Moscow. 2) They … to study many subjects. 3) She … a good computer. 4) I … done the work. 5) Linda … a brother. 6) David and Mike … to correct all their mistakes. 7) Nick … to water plants. 8) I … a good day.
Exercise 3. Use: do, does.
1) … you like this book? 2) We … this work together. 3)You … not play tennis. – But I … 4) He … his work on time. 5) Julia and Ann … like my cooking! 6) My brother … not want to live in a noisy street. 7) His dog … not play with mine.
Exercise 4. Use: I, you, he, she, it, we, they. Sometimes several variants are possible.
1) … am speaking now. 2) Where are Kate and Jane? … are playing volleyball in the park. 3) … don’t like rain. … brings me in a bad mood. 4) … is not late. … is on time. 5) What color is your new car? – … is white. 6) … have to work in the garden today. 7) … am to stay at home on Sunday. 8) … are to go to Moscow this week. Are … going with us? 9) Mary is playing the piano. … is a good musician.
Exercise 5. Point out the functions of the verbs to be, to have, to do. Translate the sentences.
1) I don’t play chess well. 2) He is an engineer. 3) She has to work this Saturday. 4) We have got a new car. It is blue. 5) Pete is in London. He is to make a report about an agricultural exhibition. 6) Sorry, we are late. 7) They did win all the matches! 8) Why don’t you visit him? 9) He doesn’t do his work. He is in hospital. 10) We have to correct this mistake immediately. 11) Her car is broken. 12) Thanks for everything – we had a great time. 13) Have you ever had your own business? 14) She didn’t pay cash, did she? 15) Let’s have a look at it.
Exercise 6. Translate the sentences.
1) Он не инженер. Он студент. 2) Нам придётся сделать это самим. 3) – Вы делаете утреннюю зарядку каждый день? – Да. 4) – Что она сейчас делает? – Она рисует. 5) – Где ваша машина? – Она в гараже. 6) – У него есть брат? – Нет, у него есть сестра. 7) Тебе предстоит поехать туда. 8) Как у тебя дела? – Хорошо, спасибо. 9) Кто она по профессии? – Повар. 10) – Ты не любишь зиму. – Очень люблю. 11) Она действительно учится водить машину ( to drive a car ).
Exercise 7. Some sentences are wrong. Correct them.
1) I had a garden big near my house.
2) She have a new neighbour.
3) Their house are not very large.
4) We always do our work well and in time.
5) We are to cook dinner.
6) He has to stay at home yesterday.
7) Lived I at the hotel.
8) It is cold, is it?
9) Baltimore is not far from Washington.
10) Be quiet!
11) You knows as much as I do.
12) Who has eaten all the grapes?
LESSON 2
Task 1. Answer the questions.
1) Do you live with your family?
2) Is your family large?
3) How many people are there in your family? Who are they?
4) Do you have any brothers or sisters?
5) Who is the youngest in your family?
6) Who do you look like?
7) Have you got a pet?
8) What is your brother’s (sister’s) hobby?
9) What is your mother’s (father’s) occupation?
Task 2. Interview your groupmates. Find someone in your group whose family is large, ( whose mother’s name is Mary, whose father is a doctor, who has relatives abroad, whose hobby is cooking ).
Use the phrases: – May I ask you a question?
– Yes, certainly
– Have you got… ( What is your …? What is … hobby?)
– Really?
Task 3. Complete the table.
Task 4. Memorize the following words and phrases:
1. relative [΄relətiv] – родственник; distant/close [΄distənt] [kləus] дальний/близкий
2. to be married [΄mærid] – быть замужем (женатым)
3. to get married – пожениться
4. to be single [΄siŋgl] – быть не замужем (не женатым)
5. to follow family customs [΄k٨stəmz] – соблюдать семейные традиции
6. to take after his (her) mother (father) in character – унаследовать характер матери (отца)
7. to look like smb. – быть похожим на …
8. close – дружный
9. to be bossy [bosi] – любить командовать, быть властным
10. old-fashioned [΄əuld΄fæ∫ənd] – старомодный, старинный
11. to earn [ə: n] money [΄m٨ni] – зарабатывать деньги
12. to take care [kεə] of – заботиться
13. to keep a family – содержать семью
14. to keep house – вести хозяйство
15. leisure [΄leʒə] – досуг; at leisure – на досуге
16. to bring up children – воспитывать детей
17. to spend time (spent, spent) – проводить время
18. mutual [΄mju:tʃuəl] respect – взаимоуважение; to respect – уважать
19. to make up a quarrel [΄kworəl] – уладить ссору
20. to argue [΄a: gju: ] – спорить
21. to be cross with smb. – сердиться на кого-л.
22. to celebrate [΄selibreit] a jubilee [΄ʤu: bili: ] – праздновать юбилей
23. to have (give) a party – устраивать вечеринку
24. pocket [΄pokit] money – карманные деньги
25. to hate doing smth. – ненавидеть (что-либо делать)
26. to enjoy [in΄ʤoi] – наслаждаться
27. to be proud [praud] of – гордиться
28. to be missing – скучать
29. family tree – семейное дерево
30. to get on with smb. – ладить, хорошо общаться
31. to annoy – раздражать
Task 5. Finish up the sentences.
1) My mother has got a sister. She is my …
2) I have got a brother. His wife is my …
3) My aunt’s children are my …
4) I have got a sister. Her son is my …
5) My father has got a brother. He is my …
6) My mother has got a father. He is my …
7) My cousin is fond of …
Task 6. Complete the sentences:
a) I hate it when my sister (brother, nephew…) …
b) I don’t like people who …
c) It realy annoys my mother (dad) when I (my friends, people) …
d) I enjoy …
For ideas: talk too loudly, always arrive late, leave things on the floor, always on the phone, watch sport on TV, driving a car, swimming.
Task 7. Divide the following words into two groups: 1) work 2) hobby ( Can one and the same word go into both groups?)
Swimming, knitting, repairing, reading, dancing, driving a car, working in the garden, translating, computer, cooking.
Task 8. Translate the phrases. Make up sentences with them.
A friend of my aunt, to speak of something, one of them; to operate by hand, to speak by telephone, to sit by the window, a book by Tolstoy; to speak about my family, he is about thirty; to speak to my mother, to write with a pencil, to get on with everybody.
Task 9. Translate the sentences.
1) Моя мама – учитель. 2) Мы с отцом любим футбол. 3) У моей тёти очень много старинных вещей. 4) Аня пошла в мать характером. 5) Моё хобби – компьютерные игры. 6) Моя сестра – экономист. У неё есть малыш. Её свекровь помогает ей с ним. Я тоже люблю моего племянника. 7) Мой дедушка – фермер. 8) Я терпеть не могу готовить на всю семью. 9) Что труднее: зарабатывать деньги или воспитывать детей? 10) Я старшая, поэтому мне приходится улаживать споры. 11) Мы гордимся нашим дедушкой.
Task 10. In pairs, act out and translate the dialogues.
a) – Have you got a large family?
– No, my family is rather small: my wife, my only son and I.
– What is your son’s name? How old is he? What is his hobby?
– Not so many questions at once. My son, Alec, is eleven and he is fond of computer games.
b) – Is your family large?
– Not very large. There are four of us: my wife, my two children and I.
– How old are your children?
– My son is fourteen and my daughter is twenty.
– What do they do?
– My son is a schoolboy. My daughter is a student.
– I see.
c) – Do you often see the Browns?
– Yes, I do.
– What do they do?
– Mr Brown is a doctor and works at the hospital all day.
– And what about his wife, Mrs Brown?
– Oh, she isn’t working now. She has a baby.
– I see.
d) – Hi, Mary! Is your son at home?
– Yes, he is. What’s the matter?
– I want to introduce him to my daughter.
– Really? And what does she like doing?
– Well, she likes dancing, singing songs, and going to parties…
– Oh, my son doesn’t like dancing, he doesn’t sing songs and he doesn’t like going out.
– And what does he like then?
– He’s fond of reading, cooking, and working in the garden.
Task 10. In pairs, act out a conversation about your families.
Let me introduce myself. My name is Philip Stanley. I am 40. I am a doctor. I work at a hospital in Liverpool. Liverpool is the biggest city in Lancashire. I like my work very much. I am married. My wife’s name is Linda. She is 32. She is kind and beautiful. She is a teacher at school. Our hobby is working in the garden. Our daughter Nora is 12. She is a schoolgirl. She looks like her mother and takes after her mother in character. Her hobby is dancing.
My parents are farmers. They have got a farm not far from the city. They breed pigs. But best of all they like roses. They have to work from morning till night. I have got many relatives: uncles, aunts, cousins, nephews. We often get together at our parents’ house.
Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.
Exercise 2. In pairs, agree or disagree with the following statements:
Use the phrases: You are right (to a certain extent). – Вы правы ( отчасти ).
You are mistaken. – Вы ошибаетесь.
1) Philip Stanley is a farmer.
2) He lives in the biggest city of Lancashire.
3) He is married and has got a son.
4) Linda is a doctor.
5) Linda’s hobby is dancing.
6) Their parents’ farm is far from the city.
7) They breed pigs and rabbits.
8) They are a close family.
Exercise 3. Complete the chart with information about Philip’s family.
Exercise 4. Tell your groupmates about your family.
In groups, discuss the following: 1) the advantages and disadvantages of growing up in a large (small) family; 2) your idea of a close family 3) the head of the family; 4) “generation gap”.
To my mind (по-моему); it is difficult to say (трудно сказать); to help each other (помогать друг другу); to get together at one’s parents’ house (собираться в доме родителей); the parents’ attention (родительское внимание); more financial support (больше финансовой поддержки); to receive better education (получить лучшее образование); to feel lonely (чувствовать себя одиноким); to be a burden for smb. (быть обузой); to respect (уважать); to be economical (быть экономным); to earn more money (зарабатывать больше денег); to keep house (вести домашнее хозяйство); to have a strong character (обладать сильным характером); to be a reliable person (быть надёжным человеком).
Задание на аудирование
Прослушайте текст (Unit 1 Text 1 “My Biography”) дважды и постарайтесь понять его содержание. Выполните предложенные задания.
1) Finish up the sentences.
My name is …
My surname is …
I was born in …
But now I live in …
My family consists of … people. They are …
I am a student of … My future specialization is …
My hobbies are …
2) Which of the following statements are false?
He was born in spring.
He was born in a small town.
Now they live in Samara.
His mother is a bookkeeper.
He has got an elder sister. He is a first-year student.
His future profession is connected with automobiles.
English is one of his favourite subjects.
3) Make up a plan of the text and retell it.
Буквосочетания с “e”
!!! Remember [e] treasure, measure, weather, feather, heavy.
Exercise 1. Read the words correctly.
a) seek, feel, geese, feet, deep, bee, seen, wheel, meet, meeting, see, week, green.
b) clean, sea, mean, meaning, deal, speak, speaker, peak, please, reading, stream.
c) near, hear, dear, clear, appear, disappear, nearest, tear, ear, fear, dearest. rear, rearing, gear-box, shear.
d) beer, jeer, deer, severe, mere, here, pioneer, sphere, atmosphere, cheer, steer.
e) head, bread, headed, dead, meadow.
f) grey, Jersey, survey, convey, they, obey, eight, weight, freight.
g) learn, pearl, heard, early, earth, rehearsal.
Чтение согласной “g”
!!!Remember [g] girl, get, give, forgive, gear.
Exercise 2. Read the words correctly.
Page, gun, gentle, gender, germ, grade, huge, give, game, judge, egg, eggs, engine, wing, sing, spring, tank, sink.
В английском языке два артикля: определённый (the) и неопределённый (a, an). Артикль – служебное слово, являющееся определителем существительного.
(a, an) употребляется только в единственном числе, когда лицо или предмет не знакомы или употребляются впервые. Имеет значение: один из многих, какой-то, любой.
(the) употребляется как в единственном, так и во множественном числе а также с неисчисляемыми существительными, когда лицо или предмет знакомы или известны говорящиму, и слушающему.
E.g. Her sister has got a nice house. (Собеседник впервые слышит о доме её сестры). The house faces my office. (Он уже знает, о каком доме идёт речь, т. е. о ранее упомянутом доме её сестры).
Артикли всегда относятся к существительным, поэтому при отсутствии существительного артикль употребляться не может. Артикль не используется, если перед существительным употребляется притяжательное местоимение, указательное местоимение, существительное в притяжательном падеже или местоименное наречие (some, any, a few, many, much, etc.). Eg. our garden, this man, much energy.
Определенный артикль употребляется, если перед существительным стоит
а) порядковое числительное: the first day;
б) прилагательное в превосходной степени: the best friend;
в) слова: wrong, right, same, only: the wrong size
Определенный артикль употребляется, если существительное обозначает уникальную вещь, единственную в своем роде: the moon, the sun.
Exercise 1. Put in a, an, some or nothing. Sometimes some variants are possible.
1) Have you got … camera?
2) Would you like to be … actor?
3) Do you collect … stamps?
4) Tom always gives Ann … flowers for her birthday.
5) What … beautiful garden!
6) … birds cannot fly.
7) When I was … child, I used to be shy.
8) Jane is … teacher.
9) You need … visa to visit … foreign countries.
Exercise 2. Put in a or the or nothing.
1) I am looking for … job.
2) Close … door, please.
3) We live in … small flat in … center of … town..
4) This is … nice house. Is there … garden near it?
5) … Soviet Union is … first country to send … man into space.
6) … longest river in Great Britain is … Severn.
7) When do you have … dinner?
Притяжательные местоимения выражают принадлежность и отвечают на вопрос чей? чья? чьё? чьи?
Притяжательные местоимения имеют две формы:
1) простую (или зависимую, т. е. после неё следует существительное, возможно с прилагательным)
E.g. My book; my new book.
2) независимую (употребляется самостоятельно, подразумевая ранее упомянутое существительное)
E.g. I have no pen. Give me yours, please.
Exercise 1. Complete the chain.
a) I – … – mine
b) … – his – his
c) she – her – …
d) we – … – …
e) … – … – yours
f) … – their – …
Exercise 2. Choose the correct variant.
1) I’ve left … pen, give me … (yours, your, my, mine), please.
2) Is … family large? ( your, yours)
3) Mr. Brown and Mrs. Brown have got two children. Both … children are boys. ( their, theirs)
4) … profession is more interesting than … ( hers, his,)
5) I don’t like … pencil, please, give me … ( my, your, yours)
6) Whose aunt is in the hall? – … ( mine, my)
7) We are French and … friends are English. ( our, ours)
8) … daughter has a dog. … nose is long. ( its, her, mine, my)
Exercise 3. Replace the personal pronouns by the corresponding possessive pronouns.
1) ( We) table is near the window.
2) I have some books in ( I) bookcase.
3) ( She) family is in London now.
4) Those are ( they) instruments.
5) This is a table. ( It) surface is equal to 4 square meters.
6) ( I) mother is a doctor. 7) ( We) family is small.
Предлоги
Exercise 4. Use the right prepositions.
1. She is … thirty.
2. Please leave my mail … my table.
3. Let’s listen … Mike.
4. There are many people … the park today.
5. He was taken to the hospital … an ambulance.
6. I hate traveling … water.
7. She can’t do it … your help.
8. We could hear rain falling … the roof.
9. My birthday is … the 27th of November.
10. The house was built … a beautiful piece … land.
11. I usually listen … the news … the radio while I’m driving … work.
12. Mel Gibson was born … 1956.
13. I cut my arm … a piece of glass.
14. We arrived just as ceremony was … to begin.
LESSON 3
Task 1. Answer the questions.
1) Are you a student?
2) Where do you study?
3) What faculty do you study at?
4) What subjects do you study?
5) What is your favourite subject?
6) Is it difficult for you to study?
7) What is your dean’s name?
8) What is your English teacher’s name?
9) How many double periods do you have every day?
10) Is your group large? Who is your friend in your group?
Task 2. Interview your groupmates. Find someone in your group who is fond of pop music, whose favourite subject is English ( mathematics ), who is good at sport, who is from another town, who lives in the hostel or rents a flat.
Begin with: Excuse me, please. May I ask you a question? Аre you… (Do you … Where are you from?)
Task 3. Memorize the following words and phrases.
1. faculty [΄fækəlti] – факультет
2. faculty of agronomy [ə΄gronəmi] – агрономический ф-т
3. faculty of economics [‚i: kə΄nomiks] – экономический ф-т
4. engineering faculty [‚enʤi΄niəriŋ] – инженерный ф-т
5. technological [teknə΄loʤikəl] faculty – технологический ф-т
6. dean [di: n] of … faculty – декан … ф-та
7. rector [΄rektə] – ректор
8. lecturer [΄lektʃərə] – преподаватель
9. senior [΄si: njə] lecturer – старший преподаватель
10. assistant [ə΄sistənt] professor [prə΄fesə] – доцент
11. on the 1st, 2nd, 3d… floor [flo:] – на 2, 3, 4 – м этаже
12. full [ful] time [taim] department [di΄pa:tmənt] – очное отделение
13. extra-mural [΄ekstrə΄mjuərəl] department – заочное отделение
14. teaching staff [΄ti:tʃiŋ΄sta:f] – преподавательский состав
15. curriculum [kə΄rikjuləm] – учебный план, расписание
16. lecture hall [΄lektʃə΄ho:l] – лекционный зал
17. canteen [kæn΄ti: n] – студенческая столовая
18. hostel [΄hostəl] – общежитие
19. course paper [΄ko:s΄peipə] – курсовая работа
20. diploma [di΄pləumə] paper – дипломная работа
21. activity [æk΄tiviti] – деятельность, вид деятельности
22. fellow student – товарищ по группе (по курсу)
23. Institution of higher education – ВУЗ
24. academic [΄ækə΄demik] year [jiə] – учебный год
25. double-period [΄d٨bl΄piəriəd] – пара, сдвоенное занятие
26. tutorial [tju(:)΄to:riəl] – занятие, консультация, семинар
27. research [ri΄sə:tʃ] – исследование
28. public [΄p٨blik] life [laif] – общественная жизнь
29. foreign [΄forin] languages [΄læŋgwiʤiz] – иностранные языки
30. grant [gra: nt] – стипендия
31. science [΄saiəns] – наука
32. knowledge [΄noliʤ] – знание
33. to be founded [΄faundid] – быть основаным
34. post-graduate [΄pəust΄grædjuit] – аспирант
35. to take an examination [ig΄zæmi΄nei∫ (ə)n] – сдавать экзамен
36. to pass an examination – сдать (выдержать) экзамен
37. to make a report [ri΄po:t] – готовить доклад
38. to attend [ə΄tend] – посещать
39. to participate [pa:΄tisipeit] – участвовать
40. to take part in… – принимать участие в …
41. to receive [ri΄si: v] – получать
42. to include [in΄klu:d] – включать
43. entrance [΄entrəns] exams [ig΄zæmz] – вступительные экзамены
44. subject [΄s٨bʤikt] – предмет
45. term [tə:m] – семестр
46. applicant [΄æplikənt] – абитуриент
Monday – on Monday; Tuesday – on Tuesday; Wednesday – on Wednesday; Thursday – on Thursday; Friday – on Friday; Saturday – on Saturday; Sunday – on Sunday
Read the nouns and translate them. Pay attention to the suffixes.
Scientist, doctor, teacher, brother, rector, professor, computer, attachment, depth, measurement, division, production, function, development, mathematics, session.
Task 4. Make up sentences.
Task 5. Make up pairs of synonyms.
Curriculum, teacher, research, chair, plan of studies, lesson, lecturer, take part in, department, be engaged in, appreciate, scientific study, informatics, computer studies, value, double-period.
Task 6. Find the most general word in each chain.
1) mathematics, history, subject, English.
2) research, practical-training, laboratory work, activity.
3) sport, public life, dancing, students concert, reading, music, disco.
Task 7. In pairs, act out and translate the dialogues.
a) – Why, Paul! What a pleasant surprise!
– Hello, Mike. This is a small world! Now I am a first-year student of …
– Let me guess. Are you a student of the faculty of engineering?
– No, I’m not.
– Technological faculty?
– You’re mistaken again.
– Oh, yes. You study at the faculty of economics.
– Right you are.
– My best congratulations!
– Thanks.
b) – Excuse me.
– Yes, What can I do for you?
– Where is the dean’s office?
– Which faculty?
– The faculty of agronomy.
– It is on the first floor to the right.
– Thank you
– Don’t mention it.
c) – How many double periods do you have a day?
– Let me see … On Monday and Friday we have three double periods, on
– Wednesday – five, the rest of the week – four double periods.
– Do you study on Saturday?
– No.
d) – What is your favourite subject?
– It is difficult to say. I like mathematics, informatics, English and some other subjects.
– Are you good at chemistry?
– Not very good, but I find it rather interesting.
– I see.
e) – Hi, Nick! I haven’t seen you at the University for a while. What’s the matter?
– You see, Mike, now I am a student of the extra-mural department.
– Really?
– I work and study. I’ve got married.
– Glad to hear it. Is your wife a student?
– Yes, she is.
Task 8. Find English equivalents for the following phrases in the dialogues:
– Трудно сказать.
– Понятно.
– Рад за тебя (слышать об этом).
– Что случилось?
– Как тесен мир!
– Мои сердечные поздравления!
– Дай подумать.
– Не стоит благодарности.
Task 9. In pairs, talk about your studies at the institute. Find out:
• What made him (her) choose this profesion;
• His (her) interests;
• His (her) favourite subjects;
• Difficult subject(s) for him.
Timiryasev Agricultural Academy was founded in 1865 as Petrovskaya Academy. It is one of the oldest academies in Russia. In the 19th century only 300-400 students studied there. Now the number of students has increased to 3000. Many of them come from villages.
The teaching staff includes high-skilled teachers, assistant professors and professors. Scientists of the academy are well-known not only in Russia but in the whole world of agricultural science. There are five faculties in the academy:
– the faculty of agronomy;
– the faculty of economics;
– the faculty of zoo engineering;
– the faculty of horticulture;
– the faculty of agro-chemistry.
In the academy there is an extra-mural department. Not only teachers but many students are engaged in research. They investigate many interesting fields in agriculture: poultry-farming, horse-raising, protected plant-breeding, medicinal plants, agricultural economics and many others.
There are spacious lecture halls, laboratories, a big library, reading-rooms, a computer center in the academy. The students have a good opportunity to study foreign languages because there are well-equipped laboratories for English, German and French there.
Exercise 1. Scan the text and understand its contents.
Exercise 2. Find English equivalents for the following terms in the text:
садоводство, птицеводство, разведение парниковых культур, лекарственные растения, коневодство.
Exercise 3. Arrange the items of the plan in the correct order.
I Research Activities
II The Foundation
III The Faculties
IV The Teaching Staff
V Lecture Halls and Laboratories
Exercise 4. In pairs, agree or disagree with the statements:
a) Moscow Timiryasev Agricultural Academy is older than my institute.
b) There are four faculties in Timiryasev academy.
c) About 4000 students study at the academy.
d) There is no extra-mural department in the academy.
e) Professors and teachers are engaged in research.
Use the speech patterns:
– You are right. – Вы правы.
– You are mistaken. – Вы ошибаетесь.
– On the contrary. – Напротив.
– You are right to a certain extent. – Отчасти, Вы правы.
Penza State Agricultural Academy was founded in 1951 as an agricultural institute. Since 1995 it has had the status of an academy. Now it is a large-scale institution of higher education and the centre of agricultural science in Penza region.
The academy is headed by the rector. The types of activities are:
1) teaching;
2) research;
3) close cooperation with different farms of Penza region in agricultural production.
There are four faculties in the academy: the faculty of agronomy, the faculty of engineering, the technological faculty and the faculty of economics. About 4000 students study at the full-time and extra-mural departments. More than 200 lecturers work at the academy, among them are doctors of sciences and professors.
The course of studies at the academy lasts five years. The academic year starts in September and ends in June. Classes start at eight o’clock in the morning. Every day the students have three or four double-periods. They take their examinations twice a year. The curriculum includes theoretical studies of special subjects and social sciences and practical training. During the semesters students attend lectures, tutorials, carry out laboratory tests, do practical work.
The students actively participate in the scientific, sport and public life of the academy: they take part in conferences, sport contests, foreign language competitions, concerts. Many students receive grants.
Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.
Exercise 2. Make up a plan to the text.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
1) When was Penza agricultural academy founded?
2) Who is the head of the academy?
3) What are the types of activities?
4) What faculties are there in the academy?
5) What specialists does the teaching staff include?
6) Is there an extra-mural department in the academy?
7) How long does the course of studies last?
8) How many double-periods do the students have every day?
9) What do the students do during the semesters?
10) How do students participate in the scientific, public and sport life?
Exercise 4. In pairs, act out a conversation between students of the two academies (see Texts 1, 2).
Exercise 5. Make a report about your institute.
1) I study at …
2) My institute ( academy, university) was founded in …
3) It trains specialists in the sphere of …
4) There are … faculties in … They are…
5) It is headed by …
6) … students study at …
7) The course of studies lasts …
8) The academic year starts … and ends …
9) Every day we have …
10) My favorite subject(s) is (are) …
11) The students are to …
12) The students take part in …
Task 1. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents.
Task 2. Make up your timetable.
1. For how many years have you been studying English?
2. Are you a success?
3. What are you good at: reading, listening or speaking?
4. Is English grammar difficult for you?
Task 1. Make up sentences to express your thoughts.
Task 2. Match proverbs and sayings with their Russian equivalents.
Task 3. What is the language situation in your country? Write two paragraphs and make sure you answer the questions:
a) Is there more than one official language?
b) How many different languages do people speak?
c) Are there dialects?
d) Is the language of radio and TV the same as the language in the street?
e) What does English mean to you?
– Excuse me, please.
– Yes.
– What time is it now?
– Let me see … It’s ten to eight.
– Thank you.
Task 1. In pairs, practise using the following:
a) 5.30 – it is half past five
9.45 – it is a quarter to ten
4.15 – it is a quarter past four
10.00 – it is ten o’clock
b) What time is it now?
Task 2. Continue the sentences.
1) I get up at … 2) I have breakfast at … 3) Classes start at … 4) I come home at … 5) My friend comes for me at … 6) In the evening I … 7) I go to bed at …
Students’ participation in research is one of the most effective methods for training highly-qualified specialists capable of taking part in the rapidly developing scientific and technological revolution.
Students are encouraged to participate widely in research while still at college. The program of studies is designed in such a way as to draw students ever deeper into scientific research.
Research enables the students to improve their knowledge and put to practical use the things which have been learnt at lectures, seminars and laboratories. Thanks to the research the practical value of knowledge is being realized, the basic experimental techniques are being mastered, handling modern equipment is being learnt and the results of the experiments are being analyzed during the whole period of study.
Such students graduate as highly-skilled specialists. And this is one of the most important tasks facing the college.
There are students research societies at every university and institute. Contests, competitions and exhibitions are based on students’ research. They have become an established tradition.
Every year a country-wide student contest is held for the best research project. The winners are awarded special medals and diplomas.
Students are engaged in research under guidance of professors, instructors, engineers and post-graduates. As a rule, term papers and graduation thesis are written on the problems of the students’ research work. Experimental and industrial installations are performed, theoretical investigations are conducted, and scientific literature on the specialty is studied.
Quite a number of term papers and graduation theses include elements of research which have been done at some higher school department on contact with farm or industrial enterprises. Term papers, research work, graduation theses of practical importance are regarded as the stages of turning students into skilled specialists.
participation – участие
to encourage – поощрять
to design – составлять, разрабатывать, проектировать
to draw (drew, drawn) into research – вовлекать в исследования
to enable – давать возможность
value – ценность
to graduate from – окончить вуз
contest – конкурс
to award – награждать
to maintain – поддерживать
to involve – включать, вовлекать
Exercise 1. Scan the text.
Exercise 2. Match English equivalents with the phrases:
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
1) What is one of the most effective methods for training highly qualified specialists?
2) When are students encouraged to participate in research?
3) What does research enable the students to improve?
4) Under whose guidance are students engaged in research?
5) How are graduation theses of practical importance regarded?
Exercise 4. Express your thoughts to develop the idea: “University work is a process of self-education”.
State higher education in the Russian Federation comprises 522 higher education institutions, not including military institutions.
The non-state sector with more than 330 higher education institutions has evolved over recent years. There are also 24 preparatory departments available to foreign students.
The levels of studies are:
Level 1 lasts 2 years. Students study for a Bachelor’s or specialist intermediate diploma.
Level 2 marks the continuation of studies for an additional two years leading to a Bachelor’s degree.
Level 3 represents an educational level common to both the Master’s Diploma and the Specialist diploma.
The academic year lasts from September to June. There are two semesters.
The number of students who study free of charge (those who don’t pay for their education) is limited by the number of scholarships. All applicants are to present a school leaving certificate and a medical cerificate confirming their good state of health.
Every institute selects its students mainly on the results of entrance examinations.
preparatory departments – подготовительные отделения
school leaving certificate – аттестат зрелости
medical certificate confirming their good state of health – справка о состоянии их здоровья
Exercise 1. Scan the text and suggest a title for it.
Exercise 2. Find sentences about:
a) the number of institutions of higher education in Russia;
b) the preparatory department for foreign students;
c) the levels of studies;
d) the main documents for presentation before entrance examinations
What date is it today? – Какое сегодня число?
What day is it today? – Какой день недели?
Today is … – Сегодня …
What was your home task for today? – Что вам задано на сегодня?
We were to (read, translate, retell …) – Нам нужно было ( прочитать…)
What is your opinion of the text? – Ваше мнение о тексте?
To my mind it is (difficult, interesting, boring) – По-моему, текст трудный, (интересный, скучный)
How much time did it take you to read and translate it? – Сколько времени у Вас ушло на его перевод?
It took me (about) … – у меня ушло …
Your mark is … – Ваша оценка …
Четвертый тип слога (гласн. + r + e или другой гласн.)
!!! Remember [εə] where, there; [a: ] are; [ə:] were; [uə] sure Exercise 1. Read the words correctly.
a) aware, rare, rarely, spare, declare, fare, stare, dare, prepare, compare, bare, parent, share, care, square, hare, Mary, vary, glare.
b) shore, store, adore, more, sore, before, score, ignore, story, core, explore, restore, forest, pore, wore.
c) during, pure, obscure, secure, endure, furious, curiosity, purify, purification, mature, injury.
d) tired, retired, wire, admire, sire, fire, fire-place, desire, iron, dire, tyre, require, requirement.
Чтение буквосочетаний “eigh”, “igh”, “ough”
!!! Remember [ai] height
Exercise 2. Read the words correctly.
Weight, might, fight, thought, eight, weigh, high, night, knight, flight, bought, fought, brought, light, delightful, sight, mighty, bright, slight, slightest.
“th” Звуки, данного буквосочетания не типичны для русской речи. Чтобы произнести их правильно, нужно поместить кончик языка между зубами. При этом губы растянуты. Буквосочетание произносится, как звук [ð] (звонкий), в служебных словах ( артикли, союзы и т. д. ), местоимениях и между двумя гласными. E.g. this, the, that, weather. В остальных случаях это сочетание даёт глухой звук [θ] E.g. third, think, breath.
Exercise 3. Read the words correctly.
With, without, then, than, this, these, thus, they, that, those, there, their, them, bathe, lathe, other, another, mother, further, father, gather, together, weather, whether, leather, feather, though, brother, bother, path, south, breath.
Слово it многофункционально. От его функций зависит перевод.
Exercise 1. Translate the sentences.
1) It is my bag. It is new. I like it. It is red. 2) It is winter now. It is cold and frosty. 3) It is Mike who knows English well. 4) It is me who is to do the experiment. 5) It is your mistake. 6) It is late. 7) It is 7 o’clock now. 8) It’s no use arguing with him.
Существительное-это часть речи, отвечающая на вопросы: кто? что? и обозначающая лицо, предмет или явление. Существительные могут быть исчисляемыми ( для которых применим счёт, а потому имеют форму множественного числа a tree – trees; a book – books ) и неисчисляемыми ( которые нельзя посчитать 1, 2, 3… и не имеют формы множественного числа gold, time, blood, food ).
В английском языке имя существительное обладает следующими категориями:
1) Род (gender)2
2) Число (number)
3) Падеж (case)
В современном английском языке род представляет собой понятие смысловое: все существительные, обозначающие людей, принадлежат к мужскому роду ( если относятся к мужскому полу) и могут заменяться местоимением he ; а также, к женскому роду ( если относятся к женскому полу) и заменяются местоимением she. Все неодушевлённые предметы, явления и процессы относятся к среднему роду и могут заменяться местоимением it. Помимо названий предметов, к среднему роду в английском языке относят и категорию животных, но в современной устной практике местоимение it часто заменяют местоимениями he или she ( если животное вам хорошо известно или является героем сказки, либо текст относится к теме животноводства ).
Exercise 2. Use the pronouns: he, she, it.
1) I have a cat. … has two kittens. 2) My pen is new. … is red. 3) Our dean’s name is Mr. Brown. … conducts lectures on biology. 4) I like Ann. … studies with me. 5) Russia is a big country. … covers Europe and Asia. 6) Usually a cow has one calf. … feeds … for several weeks. 7) A dog is one of the first domesticated animals. … helped man in hunting. 8) Don’t take my book. I need … 9) Lily is my sister’s little daughter. … is one month.
Exercise 3. Replace the underlined nouns by the corresponding personal pronouns. Sometimes two variants are possible.
1) Our dean shows new equipment. 2) English is not a very difficult subject. 3) My cat likes fish very much. 4) Boris is a student of the economic faculty. 5) His car is red. 6) Olga wants to be a doctor. 7) England has a mild climate. 8) Our practice will be very interesting. 9) A dog is a friendly animal.
Большинство имён существительных английского языка образуют форму множественного числа с помощью добавления окончания -s, – es к основе единственного числа. E.g.
a book – books [s]
a student – students [s]
a class – classes [iz]
a bag – bags [z]
a match – matches [iz]
Если слово оканчивается на - f или -fe, то f меняется на -ve +s.
E.g. a wife – wives [z] a leaf – leaves [z]
Если слово оканчивается на согласную + y, то y меняется на i+es.
E.g. a country – countries [iz]
Некоторые существительные употребляются только во множественном числе: E.g. contents ( содержание ) , clothes ( одежда ) , proceeds ( выручка ) , arms ( оружие ) , stairs ( лестница ) , riches ( богатство ).
Существительные, не имеющие формы единственного числа, употребляются с глаголами только во множественном числе:
cattle ( КРС ) , poultry ( домашняя птица ), binoculars ( бинокль ), scissors (ножницы ).
E.g. Where are the scissors? I can’t find them.
У слов: means, series, species форма множественного, и единственного числа совпадают. E.g. a means of transport – many means of transport; a species – 500 species of birds, a TV series – five TV series.
В английском языке есть существительные, которые сохранили древнеанглийский способ образования множественного числа. Их нужно запомнить:
a man – men
a woman – women
a child – children
a mouse – mice
a foot – feet
a goose – geese
a tooth – teeth
an ox – oxen
Некоторые слова латинского происхождения имеют особую форму множественного числа:
datum – data
basis – bases
crisis – crises
Обратите внимание на употребление следующих существительных:
Exercise 4. Give the plural form of the nouns.
A book, a table, a sister, a lecture, a fly, a boy, a hobby, a person, a mouse, a scarf, a class, a woman, a knife, a crisis, a species, a county, a pen, a foot, a leaf, a fox.
Exercise 5. Choose the correct form of the verb.
1) The trousers ( doesn’t / don’t) fit me. 2) Physics ( is / are) my favourite subject. 3) Fortunately the news ( is / are) not bad. 4) The police ( is / are) in time. 5) The TV series ( is / are) not interesting today. 6) Government (is/ are) a state institution. 7) The suburbs of our town ( have / has) many old houses.
Иногда существительным сопутствуют указательные местоимения. Они также имеют формы единственного и множественного числа.
This ( этот, эта, это) – these ( эти)
That ( тот, та, то) – those ( те)
E.g. This is my book.
These are your parents.
That is our house.
Those are your staff.
Имена существительные в английском языке имеют два падежа: общий ( common case) и притяжательный ( possessive case ). Притяжательный падеж отвечает на вопрос: Чей? ( whose?) Притяжательный падеж можно образовать двумя способами: 1) с помощью апострофа; 2) с помощью предлога of
Exercise 6. Make up phrases after the model.
Model: library / academy – the library of the academy Mother / Ann – Ann’s mother The camera / Tom, the eyes / the cat, the top / the page, the sister / my friend, the daughter / Candy, the toys / the children, the name / your wife, the name / this street, exams / my brother, the new manager / the company, the result / the football match, the birthday / my father, the farm / my uncle, the garden / our neighbours, the ground floor / the building, the policy / the government.
В английском языке одно или несколько существительных могут выполнять функцию определения к другому существительному. В такой « цепочке» последнее существительное будет отвечать на вопросы: кто? что? Все предыдущие существительные являются определением к нему и отвечают на вопросы: какой? чей?
E.g. sugar beet – сахарная свёкла; beet sugar – свекольный сахар
soil conservation practices – мероприятия по сохранению почвы
Exercise 7. Make up various word combinations and translate them.
Harvest, school, university, centre, time, day, the Earth, year, government, duty, village, autumn, apple, population, lamp, pie, home, assistant, task, lab, cattle, table, beef, library.
Exercise 8. Translate the following word combinations.
The Ecology department, Penza region, a talk show, beef cattle, a car door, the afternoon sun, nitrogen fertilizers, a balance sheet, Moscow Region State Farm Horse Exhibition, farm mechanization, machine building, a Parliament assembly, soil ecology, manure spreader, control system design, digital computer design, the system reaction identification, parameter identification methods, a crystal growth technique, a weather forecast, a winter holiday, summer rain, a cell growth rate increase, straight line motion, belt power.
Основные суффиксы имён существительных